Omnibus Bills of the National Congress in the US

An omnibus bill refers to a law that is still in the proposal stage but it includes unrelated subjects. Anything can be included in an omnibus bill. The bill itself is a single legislation document that can be passed in one voting session. An omnibus bill usually includes a main subject (for example, budget) but it may still address other unrelated issues (like healthcare).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Omnibus Bills of the National Congress in the US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, a bill that is primarily meant to amend budgetary allocations might still introduce amendments or new laws on unrelated issues. The unrelated issues are often referred to as â€Å"pork†. In the United States, omnibus bills are mostly used by the National Congress. Omnibus bills have been used when passing legislations in the United States for a number of decades. The first widespread use of omnibus bills was d uring the 1970s. During this period, the United States changed the manner in which budget legislation was undertaken. The Congress decided to include all the aspects of a federal budget in a single bill. This bill accounted for the legislation requirements of different departments and their budgetary allocations. The motive behind instituting omnibus bills is that they act as a timesaving mechanism for law making bodies. An omnibus bill takes less time to debate on, vote on, and pass. If these bills were to be tabled and discussed independently, it would take much more time to pass them. Although omnibus bills save the Congress a lot of time and resources, they also have their disadvantages. Most omnibus bills are enormous and they may include many pieces of legislation. For example, Canada once passed a 126-page omnibus bill that consisted of 120 amendments (Krutz 216). The enormity of such bills makes it possible for legislators to â€Å"burry† items in an omnibus bill. Cit izens are usually unable to identify the buried items until it is too late and the bill has been passed. Once it becomes apparent that a bill consists of â€Å"hidden† items, there can be efforts to amend the finer details of the bill adding more workload to legislators and bill writers. In the last ten years, there have been calls to substitute omnibus bills with clean bills. Clean bills do not include unrelated issues in one piece of legislation. However, even clean bills can still include unnecessary appropriations. This happened in 2009 when the spending bill was signed into law. Some parties argued that this bill contained an extra eight billion dollars in additional appropriations. There were also calls for President Obama to veto this bill on the account of these additional appropriations.Advertising Looking for article on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various instances in the recent past when om nibus bills have been used in the United States. One of the more popular bills of this nature is the $700 billion bank-bailout bill passed in 2008. This bill contained very unusual elements. For example, one amendment concerned the â€Å"Mental Health Parity Act† (Krutz 214). This amendment required insurance companies to harmonize medical and mental health insurance services. Attaching this insurance law to a bailout bill is one of the confusions that arise from omnibus bills. Omnibus bills work on the principle of joining different legislations with the aim of simplifying the law making process. However, omnibus bills are susceptible to abuse and their use is usually accompanied by various controversies. The basic architecture of an omnibus law is similar to the operations of a public service bus. Therefore, an omnibus bill is like a â€Å"busload of laws† in a single bill. Works Cited Krutz, Glen. â€Å"Tactical Maneuvering on Omnibus Bills in Congress†. Amer ican Journal of  Political Science 23.1 (2009): 210-223. Print. This article on Omnibus Bills of the National Congress in the US was written and submitted by user Chance Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Team Charter Analysis

Team Charter Analysis Free Online Research Papers Students which collaborate as a team during a learning experience are not only going to learn about different perspectives and mindsets, but also will learn how to sharpen their skills in areas such as collaboration, commitment and conflict management, among others. One of the most critical, if not the most critical aspect of team dynamics is communication. Effective or ineffective communication can lead to a team being extremely efficient and successful, or inefficient, and a terrible failure. The purpose of team communication is to enhance team performance; therefore, it is each team member’s responsibility to ensure effective communication. Group communication can sometimes be difficult. The basics of it are easy though. Everyone needs to understand the task at hand. They should all feel comfortable asking others for help and the others should be available and willing to help knowing they could later on be the one asking for assistance. Everyone should have equal responsibility and should never assume any one person to be the leader or the one responsible for it all. All deadlines should be agreed upon by all and if there is any issue about deadlines or any last minute problems they should be addressed without prejudice. Being in a group for some people can be hard. Especially when there is no possible way of communication other then the Internet. Some people believe that it is just easier to do tasks themselves because they believe it will be easier that way or in some way it will come out better without others having a hand in it. Some people say that too many hands in the pot can spoil the stew but what does that really mean? Being in a group you are required to work together, agree to disagree and get what needs to be done, done without hurting anyone’s feelings, and without getting to a point where the anger affects the work, at which point does nothing for anyone in the group. There will always be some disagreements about things but everyone must understand that working in a group is not just about one person being right. A group is about everyone being heard and respected for their individual ideas. Being part of a group means meeting up sometimes for group discussion or to go over the task at hand. When working alone, that person can work on your own schedule. Some people have busier lives then others but they must understand they need to find the time to meet all deadlines. All individuals must respect that their actions or lack thereof participation can weigh heavily on everyone else’s grade or ending reward. The best way to be able to work together and be a happy group would be to follow a couple guidelines. A happy group is a successful group. 1.Be willing to help out other members if needed 2.Remember there is not just one person in a group 3.Agree on all deadlines and individual assignments 4.Do not except anyone else to do your work. 5.Meet up at least once as friends and discuss nothing of the project. Get to know each other a little better first, if this is possible. This will allow everyone to be more comfortable with each other and working together will be just like working with friends. 6.If unable to meet then if possible everyone should meet in a chat area on a day and time that works for everyone. These guidelines if followed correctly will guarantee a satisfactory grade or ending reward, without anyone getting their feelings hurt and will make the teacher or even a boss very happy. Dispute Resolution Working in a group can be very challenging especially if all the team members are not at the same location. This can cause serious problems, which can result in the team missing important deadlines for task assigned. With any group there are going to be disputes among team members. The team must manage those disputes in a manner which does not jeopardize the entire project. Certain strategies must be adopted beforehand to help prevent disputes and assist in resolving the disputes which were not prevented. The following is a list of strategies which should be used to provide stronger dispute resolution management. Define expectations at onset of each project Establish contact with team via messaging, email, fax, or telephone Make adjustments as needed after consensus is reached Seek advice from facilitator as a last resort Before any particular project gets on the way a team leader should be selected or elected to help define the expectations of the individuals within the group. This individual through their leadership will help in this endeavor. Once each individual knows what is expected of them then there is no confusion going forward. This step is critical in order to succeed as a team. Communication among team members is also critical especially if all team members are located in different locations. This can be done a number of ways as defined above. Because of its speed, email or messaging might be the best option to communicating with members of the group especially in crisis situations. Should a dispute arise, communication must take place in a timely manner to resolve the dispute. With any project change is unavoidable. The team must prepare for unforeseen changes that will arise. Again, having a team leader to help manage the change is going to be important. The team should make adjustments as needed after consensus from the team is reached. Although change in most cases is certain, this doesn’t mean the impact will be negative. By following rules set up by the team and tweaking those rules as needed, the end result could very well be positive. Finally, as a last resort if a particular dispute cannot be resolved the facilitator should be made aware of the situation. Teams must practice being able to resolve its own disputes without the facilitator. However, when consensus cannot be reached within the group doesn’t hesitate to contact the facilitator so the project is not held up. In all, the team should remove personal emotions from each situation as they arise for the good of the project. When a conflict arises, all team members will discuss the problem and make a rational decision. It is the understanding that people come from various backgrounds and are not always likely to agree on certain things. However, the team must realize that in order for each of its members to succeed the team must succeed as a whole. Effective strategies for fostering good team communication include developing ground rules, conflict resolution guidelines, and clear goals. The learning team charter defines the ground rules as: Complete assignments on the agreed-upon time. Check team forum regularly. Respond to question or comments in a timely manner. Contact each other via email or phone if necessary. Having rough drafts completed in advance for revising. Ground rules are important in the success of group projects. Grounds rules define the group’s expectations, agenda, schedule, and communication methods. Conflict resolution is another important aspect of fostering good team communication. The learning team charter defines the conflict resolution guidelines as: Accepting constructive criticism. Respecting everyone’s opinions. Provide encouragement. Conflict resolution guidelines set the foundation for resolving conflicts within the group. Conflicts are going to arise and as a group we must know to resolve them peacefully. Establishing clear and concise goals are important in determining the group’s expectations. The learning team charter defines our goals as: Open-communication. Complete work timely, efficiently, and precise. Each member will contribute to group assignments. Collaborative writing. These goals set the foundation for the group’s expectations. Conflicts are going to arise within any group. To minimize these conflicts, the responsibilities and expectations are provided in the beginning within our ground rules. If problems arise, we will discuss them as soon as possible before they become big problems. To avoid conflicts we define expectations at the beginning and during assignments. To use the conflict-resolution strategy, guidelines should be established in the beginning and include: How to resolve conflicts; and what to do when conflicts arise. For example, if a team member is not completing assignments on-time. To resolve this conflict, we would search for alternatives. We would make suggestions and offer help. We would first establish the problem by asking if they had any personal issues arise. We would encourage the team member by letting them know their knowledge and perspective is valued and important in group assignments. Conflict is particularly difficult when someone feels attacked in the group. When we are criticized are natural intent is to defend ourselves by counterattacking (Locker Kienzler, 2008). For example, if a team member offers constructive criticism to another team member. If a conflict results and feelings are hurt, we would resolve this conflict by having the team members check their feelings. First, the team member will paraphrase the content of the critic’s message. This would ensure the team member heard the critic accurately. Second, the team member should let the critic know what his or her statement means to them (Locker Kienzler, 2008). This will ensure that the feelings of the team member and critic are recognized and heard. They can then work together to resolve their conflict. We define the importance of respecting the perspectives and opinions of our team members in our ground rules. By providing this foundation, we can communicate effectively together a s a group. Technologies to Facilitate Group Communication There are two to three technologies that one might use to facilitate group communications. One such technology is the Internet. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide. The Internet is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. There are many advantages of using the Internet while working in a group, for example team members can do multiple tasks at one time, such as research while talking to each other via instant messaging. The Internet offers access to the users easily but one must also be mindful to the sources behind their information. When doing research, team members need to make sure that the information that they are getting is from credible cites. This can be a disadvantage to the group is the information that is attained is not from a reliable source and cannot be supported with valid reference. Some disadvantages to Internet commutations are that it is disorganized and conducting research often leads to non- productive searches. There are also no standards of procedures to check to make sure the information attained from certain websites is accurate. Another disadvantage would be the loss of websites or web address. A person might have technical difficulties and loose the website that they were viewing. There is also the matter of a limited archive and only current information is available online and some websites charge fees to access specialized information. There are many Instant messaging tools available for user’s to use which work to provide real time communication between two or more people on typed text. Instant Messaging is the hottest communication tool in the business office these days. The ability to connect with colleagues, to ask questions of team members and, of course, to chat with friends all instantaneously has pushed the telephone and even email back from the forefront of communication tools. Millions of corporate users have IM on their work machines. Google, Yahoo, MSN to name a few, are some of the major messaging service providers. Each of these companies has their own instant messaging tool which are being updated and enhanced regularly. Many business are introducing their employees to use the instant messaging tool with-in the work environment to communicate with fellow employees without leaving ones workstation. Team members can converse by typing back and forth and to upload pictures and files and the team members can download those files instantly. Instant messaging also allows the option for members to add multiple members into meeting; this allows all users’ to take part in the discussion. A major setback to instant messaging is that the tool can be used for non-work related conversations. Another major problem is that the users, in most cases, install the software themselves. Information Technology leaders have no control over it. There is no supervision or any set standards or security procedures and allows virus writers and spammers to get instant access into the networks also. Another technology that team members can utilize would by the telephone. Telephones have evolved tremendously throughout the years, now we have cellular phones at our disposal. Cell phones are convenient because a person is always carrying the phone around with them on their person. Cell phones have the capability to allow the user with having access to emails, text messaging, voice mails, picture messages, and so much more. These tools are available for members to use to communicate with each other. There is also an option with cellular phone which is called three way or conference calling. This feature allows one user to bring in multiple callers into the same conversation. There are many disadvantages with cell phones because they are a cause for distraction. There are many car accidents that occur every day due to the lack of attentiveness of drivers. People get busy trying to text message or scroll through their phone books and not keeping their eyes on the road which leads to an accident. Cell phones also can cause health issue such as brain tumors due to the radiations that are transmitted. A person must be cautious because the more cell phone usage the greater the changes are for brain cancer. Conclusion In conclusion, collaborating as a team during the learning experience has it set of difficulties however; students gain knowledge and sharpen their skills in areas such as collaboration, commitment, and conflict management. One of the most critical to any team dynamics is communication. Open-communication and a willingness to accept input from others is essential during the learning experience. In addition conflict resolution strategies must be defined. These strategies help determine what to do when there is conflict. The learning team charter helps students establish team goals, ground rules, and conflict management guidelines. By defining these expectations and setting effective strategies a team can collaborate successfully as a group. References Locker, K., Kienzler, D. (2008). Business and Administrative Communication (8th edition). New York: NY McGraw-Hill Research Papers on Team Charter AnalysisResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameQuebec and CanadaThree Concepts of Psychodynamic19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Avert eyes, Divert attention

Avert eyes, Divert attention Avert eyes, Divert attention Avert eyes, Divert attention By Maeve Maddox A dog trainer gives the following advice: If you pass a barking dog or other distraction, keep moving forward. If your dog averts its attention to the distraction, give a tug on the lead to avert the attention back to the walk at hand. The uses of the word avert in this passage strike me as odd because, although avert has the sense of turning, avert suggests a turning away from something, not towards it. avert: 1 : to turn away or aside (ones face, eyes, thoughts) especially in order to escape something dangerous, unpleasant, or disconcerting Merriam-Webster The dog trainer may have been reaching for the word divert: divert: 1. trans. To turn aside (a thing, as a stream, etc.) from its (proper) direction or course; to deflect (the course of something); to turn from one destination or object to another. OED The word avert suggests a turning away in the sense of moving one’s body: She averted her face from the stranger. or preventing something bad from happening: With courage and skill the pilot averted a fatal crash. Traffic is diverted. Disaster is averted. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesTime Words: Era, Epoch, and EonWriting a Thank You Note

Planning of Instruction in a Systematic Way Assignment

Planning of Instruction in a Systematic Way - Assignment Example To guide them through the college application process and how the needy students can apply for aid. The supervisors must oversee this guidance and counselling process. After reviewing the learning objectives stated above, I have come to the conclusion that they are sound. This is because I am aiming to achieve specific objectives such as the learner acquiring skills and knowledge in writing college application letters and essays. The first objective, however, sounds a little subjective. After thinking about it critically, I have decided to change it from â€Å"Demonstrate knowledge of high school courses that prepare them for college† to â€Å"List at least five high school courses that prepare them for college.† I have arrived at this conclusion realizing that a learning objective should be measurable. When the students are asked to actually list those specific courses then the supervisors will be able to determine whether or not the learning objectives have been met. A colleague commented that my objectives are too few. Even though I am looking to have a full day’s training, I intend to have breaks in between (it is important that learners get time to have lunch and to interact with one another). In my experience as a teacher, I have learnt that students learn better when they get time to interact and discuss issues taught in class. I will also make a PowerPoint presentation in class. I will also show the students a video in class to further clarify the points presented in class. This is because students learn better when they get a chance to view real-life situations on video. It is important for me to establish whether or not the content taught in the classroom is effective. I would want those admitting these students to college to actually report that the students are able to enrol better after the guidance and counselling sessions. I am of the opinion that the best way to determine whether or not the sessions are successful is by conducting random interviews on campus to establish the level of success of these sessions.  Ã‚  

Physiological vs. Technological birth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physiological vs. Technological birth - Essay Example Before a choice is made, one however has to analyze the pros and cons associated with both the normal physiological route of delivery and technology assisted cesarean section (Lowden, 2002; Cohen, 2003). In an age where time is considered equivalent to money it is not surprising when people opt for quicker and also pain-free delivery procedures rather than time-consuming vaginal ones. Many mothers also have a constant fear about the passage of a baby through the birth canal and a c-section prevents all these anxieties. Additionally the oozing of the amniotic fluid, excretion of human wastes in some cases, sweat and tears which are normally associated with normal vaginal birth is also avoided. In other words, a c-section ensures a more clean and hygienic delivery in keeping up with the modern trend. While these are the pros associated with a c-section, one should also consider the after-effects of such a procedure. The procedure does ensure a pain-free delivery, however, post-op there are several problems which have to be overcome by the mother. The pain after a c-section persists for a while and the mother would have to take pain killers and in case they have an infection they will have to take more drugs to control them. There is also the burden of the scar left from the surgery which would present for quite a long time. The time taken to recover is more compared to that of normal pregnancies and hence such mothers cannot get into their routine for quite some time. Thus if the mother has other small children it would be quite a task to manage them. Above all, the risk of maternal death is high in cesarean sections as compared to vaginal deliveries. The presence of a scar or any other tissues after delivery can also lead to other problems such as bowel obstructions or infertility and might affect subsequent pregnancies. Moreover research also states that cesarean mothers are

Borderline Personality Disorder in Girl Interrupted Essay -- Film Anal

Borderline Personality Disorder in â€Å"Girl Interrupted†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie, â€Å"Girl Interrupted,†is about a teenage girl named Susanna Kaysen who has been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. People with Borderline Personality Disorder â€Å"are often emotionally unstable, impulsive, unpredictable, irritable, and anxious. They also are prone to boredom. Their behavior is similar to that of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder but they are not as consistently withdrawn and bizarre† (Santrock, 2003). In â€Å"Girl Interrupted† Susanna Kaysen the main character, goes through many episodes that give a picture of the disorder she’s suffering from. The first such incident occurs when the psychiatrist is talks to Susanna about her failed suicide attempt. During the conversation, she is seen as confused and irritated by his presence. While the psychiatrist questions her, her mind seems to be somewhere else because she is having flash backs of her past, maybe a sign of ADD (Attentio n Deficit Disorder). Susanna seems to be uncertain about things, she claims that she does not know what she feels. She was taken to the hospital after she tried to commit suicide, she took a bottle of aspirin. Her reason for taking the full bottle of aspirin was major headache, which was also alarming to the psychiatrist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The psychiatrist recommended that she be admitted to a mental hospital for women, where she can rest and recover. Another sign of the Borderline Personality Disorder is c...

The Contribution to Economics of Each of the Following

â€Å"Many Economists have tried to establish why the economy performs as it does and want to have a basis for predicting how the economy will perform when circumstances change†. (Nagel, S pg 1 1999) Economists are just people after all, who have lived through different times and experiences in their lives, thus leading to different values and views. George Bernard Shaw once said that â€Å"If all economists were laid end to end they would not reach a conclusion†,(cited in Mankin, Taylor 2006) In this essay we will look at what contributions each of the above economists have made, keeping in mind the era in which they lived . Reputed to be the father of â€Å"The Classical School† of economics, the Scottish born Adam Smith (1772-1790) was a supply side economist. â€Å"He attributed economic expansion to expanding production and trade with expanding demand as a by-product and consequence†(Jacobs, J 1985 p12) He promoted the invisible hand of free enterprise, which showed that individuals in pursuing their own selfish interest could benefit society. In other words, if people wish to sell, they must produce what others require at a price that they are prepared to pay. (Palmer. N, 1990). He also advocated the â€Å"Laissez-faire† approach, which means that the government should only get involved in the economy in order to raise monies for the upkeep of infrastructure, to sustain the legal system and to defend the country. In Smith’s book ‘An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations’ which was published in 1776, he covered the previous two concepts as well as the division of labour and the function of markets. Division of labour was not a new idea but Smith believed it to be very important as a way of increasing wealth. According to Delaney, Smith established the 4 canons of taxation. â€Å"Firstly, the tax levied on each person should be related to the person’s ability to pay. Secondly, the amount of tax which a person must pay should be certain and clear. Thirdly, the manner and timing of payment of taxes should have regard to the convenience of the tax payer. Finally, the cost of collection should be small relative to the yield†. (2008) Another belief of Smiths was the Labour Theory of Value, which means the value of a product is equal to the value of the labour involved in its production. Delaney. N 2008). Smith believed that there was a distinction between productive and non-productive labour. Teachers, engineers and people with similar professions were considered to be non-productive as they did not produce goods for resale or create funds for reinvestment. Smith also introduced the â€Å"value in use† and the â€Å"value in exchange† of a product (the paradox of value). Twenty years after Smiths death his writings and theories were embraced by the next generation of writers and economists who established Smith as the founder of economic science. It has been said that before Adam Smith there had been much economic discussion, but with him it reached the stage of discussing economics. (Palmer, N) The classical school of thought was later developed and refined by Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) and David Ricardo (1772-1823). Both were English born and were followers of Smith’s theories. Malthus is known for his famous â€Å"Essay on the Principles of Population as it affects the Future Improvements of Society† published in 1798. At this time in history the Industrial Revolution was taking place which meant more people were moving from rural areas into urban areas. Malthus saw many slums being created with food, water and sewage becoming a huge problem. In his essay, he laid out how the population would grow by a geometric progression, while food supply would only grow by an arithmetic progression. He identified that there should be a check on the growth of the population. These checks included positive checks which involved death through war and disease or preventative checks which meant people should have fewer children. He advocated the wages fund theory. The idea behind this theory was that payment to workers in excess of the subsistence level would lead to an increase in the size of the workers families thus causing the worker to be brought down to a subsidence level of existence. (Palmer) This idea dominated for over a century. It was very popular with employers as it allowed them to pay lower wages and to feel justified in doing so. He is linked with the theory of the â€Å"Paradox of Thrift† meaning that if people save consumption decreases, leading to over-production. To counteract this problem, he advised the government to spend monies on non-productive areas such as the building of parks in order to create the circulation of money and therefore stimulate demand. (Delaney) Malthusian theories are still relevant today in some areas of the LCD’s (lower developed countries) Like Malthus, Ricardo too accepted the wages theory and introduced the concept of â€Å"economic rent†. The idea behind this rent was â€Å"any payment to a factor of production above its supply price†(Delaney) For example during the Napoleonic wars, Europe turned to Britain for its food supply. This created huge demand and it became very profitable to produce food. In order to produce as much food as possible, landowners were now using less fertile land which had not been used before for food production. This increased the demand for land thus driving up the rent, especially the rent for the more fertile land. He thought that agriculture was very important and industry depended on it. Ricardo inspired by â€Å"Sutter’s† books developed the law of comparative advantage. This formed the basis of international trade. He believed in free international trade as it gets the maximum out of resources thus increasing income (Nagel) Karl Marx was born in Germany in 1818. He expressed his revolutionary socialist ideas in his two main publications the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. Marx basic economic beliefs were very alike the Classical economists, in that he supported a labour theory of value but his approach was completely different. Marx wanted things to change in such a way that would help to improve working conditions for the working classes. He did not believe in the â€Å"invisible Hand† and was more concerned with change and evolution throughout society. He believed communism would replace capitalism and that workers would have full control over all means of production leading to a more even allocation of wealth. He believed that the value of a good was the value of the amount of labour necessary to produce it. Therefore the value of goods produced by the worker was more than the wages paid to the worker, the difference being a surplus or profit to the employer. Marx argued that this was exploitation of the workers by their capitalistic employers. Believing that the capitalists were profit hungry, Marx stated that the demand for labour would amplify which would in turn cause wages to rise. The rise in wages above subsistence level would lower the capitalist’s profits therefore causing them to look for ways in which to lower their wage costs. Many employers would start introducing new labour saving machines in order to save money. As the machines would replace labourers this would lead to a rise in unemployment thus leading to lack in demand for goods produced. As more workers became deskilled and redundant their bargaining power for better wages weakened leading to a two tiered society namely â€Å"the proletariat† (working classes) and â€Å"the capitalists† classes. Marx believed that the working classes would rise up and overthrow the capitalists’ regime. The workers would then be in control of the factors of production. He predicted the emergence of oligopolies and trade cycles. Marx died in London in 1883. The introduction of maths to illustrate economic theory or as it is better known now as econometrics was introduced by the English born Alfred Marshall (1842-1924). He introduced the law of diminishing marginal utility and coined the term elasticity to describe the response of demand to the small changes in price. He put forward the well-know scissors analogy, likening the demand and supply to the two blades of a scissors interdependent on each other. He pointed out that there was a difference between the long run and the short run for production purposes. Recognising that in the short run at least one factor of production would be fixed in contrast to the long run where all factors of production were changeable. Marshall came up with the concept of quasi rent, which was economic rent earned by labour in the short run and which disappeared in the long run by the increase in the supply of that labour. He believed in a free enterprise economy with some government intervention for example the introduction of government controls and consumer education. Marshall’s theories were hugely influential; in fact his book the Principles of economics (1890) was the main textbook for students of economics up to the great depression of the 1930’s. (Delaney) John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) was an Englishman who became one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century. â€Å"His influence on economics was so great that the boom the Western industrial countries experienced between 1945 and 1975 has been termed the â€Å"Age of Keynes†. (123HelpMe. com) Keynesian theory advocated the exact opposite to the Classical â€Å"Laissez-faire† approach. According to Delaney,R 2008, Keynes was a demand side economist, who stressed that economies could be regulated by government fiscal policy. He believed that budgetary policy should be the main economic instrument used in the control of the economy. During the Great depression, Keynes became the life saver of the American economy. His main objective was to come up with a solution for the mass unemployment during this terrible time. In his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), Keynes put forward that there could be equilibrium at less than full employment. He stressed that by increasing government expenditure in areas like public works, this could help increase total spending thereby helping to bring economic activity to the full employment level. (Palmer,N. 1990). Keynes also introduced the multiplier effect, which means the National Income would rise by some multiple of the initial injection of government expenditure. (Nagle, S 1999) Keynes developed the liquidity preference theory of interest rates and also explained that savings and investments were not always equal to each other. (Delaney, R 2008). Keynes theories are still relevant to this day. Milton Friedman was born in American in 1912. He tried to make economics more user friendly to the layperson. His theories were in direct opposition to Keynes. He wrote many books but his main publications were ‘Inflation, Causes and Consequences’ and ‘A Monetary History of the United States 1867-1960’. â€Å"His theories first attracted national attention in the 1970s, when the combination of inflation and stagnant economic growth — stagflation — undercut the dominant Keynesian policies of the post-war decades†. Friedman was a monetarist and he argued that monetary policy rather than fiscal policy should be the main tool used to control the economy. Monetarists believe that increases in the money supply results in an increase in prices rather than an increase in the level of output. They argue, like the classical approach, for no government intervention in the economy, that free-market forces should be relied on to bring the economy into equilibrium. He promoted privatisation of all government-owned or controlled businesses. Removal of inflation is a greater priority to the monetarists rather than the removal of unemployment. (Delaney) In 1976 Friedman won the 1976 Nobel Prize in economics. â€Å"An advocate of personal liberty, free markets, deregulation, and reduced government intervention in the economy, he has seen his ideas on issues as Social Security privatization, welfare reform, and school vouchers become part of national political debate†.